A practical reference on REV-ERB agonist: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2025-10-16 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
== Symptoms == In AOA1, patients usually experience oculomotor apraxia, problems with innitiation (oculocephalic dissociation) and slowing of saccades, nystagmus, failure of fixation, excessive blinking, ataxia, tremor, neuropathy (which leads to hyporeflexia, diminished sense of vibration, and limb weakness), atrophy of the cerebellum, decreased levels of albumin and elevated levels of cholesterol, dysarthric speech, chorea (which might disappear as disease progresses). Occasionally, patients experience scoliosis, intellectual disability, dystonia, head thrust, elevated levels of creatine kinase and alpha-fetoprotein. Rarely, patients experience parkinsonism, myoclonic jerks, and pyramidal signs. Oculomotor apraxia, head thrust, and oculocephalic dissociation might be associated with much severe form of this disorder. Patients can experience subtle immune abnormalities such as lymphopenia of B- and T- cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are affected), decreased levels of antibodies, low levels of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles and immunoglobulin κappa-deleting recombination excision circles, and lymphocytes are mildy sensetive to ionizing radiation.
It included industrial workers and smallholders, broad middle class (including both the agrarian and urban middle classes), as well as entrepreneurs, civil servants and clerics, and lastly a small but influential group of Catholic aristocracy. The uniting element of the factions of the Centre Party was commitment to Political Catholicism. The party also urged union with Austria. The party had a left wing, represented by politicians such as Constantin Fehrenbach, Matthias Erzberger, Joseph Wirth, as well as Catholic workers' associations and trade unions, led by the Centre's laborist politicians such as Adam Stegerwald. Left-wing factions of the Centre Party were committed to republicanism and pressured the Zentrum to officially identify itself as a pro-republican party; however, the party instead adopted a vague label of being a "constitutional party", which was "ready to collaborate with any legal government". The leftists of the Centre Party also promoted cooperation with the SPD and advised Weimar Catholics to join the Reichsbanner; some left-wing Centre factions were also supportive of cooperation with right-wing nationalist trade unions on pragmatic basis. Along with "republican-democratic" wings of the party, the Centre Party also had socialist factions.
Snakes do not have direct neurological control of the fang sheath, it can only be retracted as the fangs enter a target and the target's skin and body provide substantial resistance to retract the sheath. For these reasons, the pressure balance hypothesis concludes that external factors, mainly the bite and physical mechanics, are responsible for the quantity of venom expelled.
The Downstream-peptide motif refers to a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics in the cyanobacterial genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and one phage that infects such bacteria. It was also detected in marine samples of DNA from uncultivated bacteria, which are presumably other species of cyanobacteria. Downstream-peptide RNAs are found upstream of short open reading frames (ORFs) that are predicted to encode short peptides (usually between 17 and 100 amino acids). One of the ORFs is apparently down-regulated when cells are grown with an insufficient supply of nitrogen sources. The Downstream-peptide motif has a structural resemblance to a different candidate RNA structure called the glnA RNA motif which was shown to be a functional glutamine binding riboswitch in cyanobacteria. The most striking similarity is the nucleotide conservation within the P1 stem of both motifs, and this and other similarities was discussed previously. It was hypothesized that Downstream-peptide RNAs correspond to riboswitches, based on multiple lines of evidence. First, glnA RNAs are often located in the presumed 5′ untranslated regions of multiple classes of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. This, and other evidence, suggests that glnA RNAs are riboswitches, and their structural similarity to Downstream-peptide RNAs in turn suggests that Downstream-peptide RNAs are also riboswitches.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Effects === In general, MDMA users report feeling the onset of subjective effects within 30 to 60 minutes of oral consumption and reaching peak effect at 75 to 120 minutes, which then plateaus for about 3.5 hours. The desired short-term psychoactive effects of MDMA have been reported to include:
On the one hand, God remains responsible as the creator of the world and is thus also the ultimate cause of suffering—at least in the sense that his creation of the world made suffering possible in the first place. On the other hand, there are situations in which no finite power can save or help human beings. For by definition, only God is the reality that can save us even in death—if he exists. But how can I ask for help from the very one who made my misery possible in the first place? Kermani sees no way to rationally justify this question. Rather, he describes those voices that do not want to abandon God even in misery. The fools he cites do not simply lament the terror of God. Instead, they remind God of the promises he once made in creation. They insist on God's faithfulness, which God describes and promises in His self-revelation. The fools are therefore not blind to reality. On the contrary, they consider all the questions about the reality of a loving God that every human being experiences on a daily basis. Their adherence to God does not dull their senses or take away the horror of suffering. But it enables them to face the abysses and terror of reality without, however, giving up hope. Belief in God thus operates as an imposition that can drive one to madness. At the same time, however, it appears as the last possibility for putting up with the world in its ambiguity without losing one's own humanity.
GLP requires not only that the methods of safety tests be transparent, but that they be so detailed that a different laboratory using it will get the same result. Considering that Japan, Netherlands, US and others had at same time as GLP begun requiring demonstrations of safety before chemicals gained access markets; the Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development decided that multinational companies needed globally uniform regulation of chemicals, such that a toxicity test performed in one country could be accepted by another. OECD was thus happy to add the new USA GLP requirement into their new, globally-required test methods, called ‘OECD Test Guidelines’ (see below OECD section).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
2 CH3C(O)CO2H → (O=C)(HOC)(HC)C(CH3)(CO2H) + H2O The dehydration can be induced by distillation of pyruvic acid. Zymonic acid in turn forms a variety of derivatives in aqueous solution. Pyruvic acid is a precursor to several types of heterocycles. When treated with phenethylamine, it gives tetrahydroisoquinoline by a sequential condensation/acylation process (Bischler–Napieralski reaction). With ortho-phenylenediamine it condenses to give quinoxalines. Condensation with 4,5-diaminopyrimidine give hydroxypteridines.
==== Minor Alienizers ==== Lovelian Balance (ラブーリ星人バラン・スー, Rabūri Seijin Baran Sū): A giant non-humanoid alien from Planet Lovely who smuggled the Fan Crusher's control mechanism for Don Moyaida, who subsequently betrayed him. In a fit of rage, Balance takes a bus and its occupants hostage, but is easily defeated and arrested by Deka Blue, Green, Yellow, and Pink. Diamantian Don Moyaida (ディアマンテ星人ドン・モヤイダ, Diamante Seijin Don Moyaida): A diamond-themed criminal from Planet Diamante who is charged with infanticide, vehicular manslaughter, and the theft of terrestrial resources. He was originally believed to have died following a car chase with Ban in his combat vehicle-themed Kaijuki, Scarabader (スカラベーダー, Sukarabēdā), but Don Moyaida resurfaces on Earth disguised as a human to use his primary drill vehicle–like Kaijuki, Fan Crusher (ファンクラッシャー, Fan Kurasshā), to harvest the planet's resources and produce space jewelry as well as give Agent Abrella information on the Deka Base's Anubisium, the material used in its walls' construction. Don Moyaida succeeds in the latter task before he is deleted by Deka Red, while the Fan Crusher is destroyed by Dekaranger Robo. Don Moyaida is voiced by Takanori Kikuchi (菊池 隆則, Kikuchi Takanori), who also portrays his human form. Grorserian Hell Heaven (グローザ星人ヘルヘヴン, Gurōza Seijin Heru Hevun): A criminal and underling of Kevakia from Planet Grorser who is charged with kidnapping for profit-making and murder in Star-29.
TikTok's and Douyin's censorship policies have been criticized as non-transparent. Internal guidelines against the promotion of violence, separatism, and "demonization of countries" could be used to prohibit content related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Falun Gong, the Cambodian genocide, the 1998 Indonesian riots, Kurdish nationalism, ethnic conflicts between blacks and whites or between different Islamic sects, and independence movements in Tibet, Taiwan, Chechnya and Northern Ireland. A more specific list banned criticisms against world leaders, including past and present ones from Russia, the United States, Japan, North and South Korea, India, Indonesia, and Turkey. In 2019, The Guardian reported that TikTok had censored videos of topics not favored by the Chinese government. That year, TikTok took down a video about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang internment camps against Uyghurs but restored it after 50 minutes as well as the creator's account, saying that the action was a mistake and triggered by a brief "satirical" image of Osama bin Laden in another post. Other human rights activists have also said that their TikTok videos discussing human rights violations of the Uyghurs have been taken down. TikTok moderators were instructed to suppress posts from "For You" recommendations if the users shown were deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled". The consumption of alcohol, full or partial nudity, LGBT, and intersex contents were restricted even in places where they are legal.
== Biosynthesis == As an essential amino acid, threonine is not synthesized in humans, and needs to be present in proteins in the diet. Adult humans require about 20 mg/kg body weight/day. In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via α-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. Homoserine undergoes O-phosphorylation; this phosphate ester undergoes hydrolysis concomitant with relocation of the OH group. Enzymes involved in a typical biosynthesis of threonine include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.