The short version of REV-ERB agonist fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-02-17. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
==== Air purification ==== UV-C light is used in air conditioning systems as a method of improving indoor air quality by disinfecting the air and preventing microbial growth. UV-C light is effective at killing or inactivating harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, mold, and mildew. When integrated into an air conditioning system, the ultraviolet light is typically placed in areas like the air handler or near the evaporator coil. In air conditioning systems, UV-C light works by irradiating the airflow within the system, killing or neutralizing harmful microorganisms before they are recirculated into the indoor environment. The effectiveness of it in air conditioning systems depends on factors such as the intensity of the light, the duration of exposure, airflow speed, and the cleanliness of system components. Using a catalytic chemical reaction from titanium dioxide and UVC exposure, oxidation of organic matter converts pathogens, pollens, and mold spores into harmless inert byproducts. However, the reaction of titanium dioxide and UVC is not a straight path. Several hundreds of reactions occur prior to the inert byproducts stage and can hinder the resulting reaction creating formaldehyde, aldehyde, and other VOC's en route to a final stage. Thus, the use of titanium dioxide and UVC requires very specific parameters for a successful outcome. The cleansing mechanism of UV is a photochemical process. Contaminants in the indoor environment are almost entirely organic carbon-based compounds, which break down when exposed to high-intensity UV at 240 to 280 nm.
Anatomically embalmed cadavers have a typically uniform grey colouration, due both to the high formaldehyde concentration mixed with the blood and the lack of red colouration agents commonly added to standard, nonmedical, embalming fluids. Formaldehyde mixed with blood causes the grey discoloration also known as "formaldehyde grey" or "embalmer's grey". A new embalming technique developed gradually since the 1960s by anatomist Walter Thiel at the Graz Anatomy Institute in Austria has been the subject of various academic papers, as the cadaver retains the body's natural color, texture and plasticity after the process. The method uses 4-chloro-3-methylphenol and various salts for fixation, boric acid for disinfection, and ethylene glycol for the preservation of tissue plasticity. The embalmed cadavers are used in anatomical research, surgical and anaesthesia training, preoperative test procedures, CT image quality studies.
== Scoring == The LP-IR score ranges from 0 (most insulin-sensitive) to 100 (most insulin-resistant). It's calculated by weighting the six parameters, which are more strongly correlated with insulin resistance than individual lipid measures like triglycerides or HDL cholesterol alone. Results are typically categorized:
It has been shown that the tetradentate binding configuration of copper(I) in mbOB3b necessitates the ligation of a water molecule to the copper ion as a ligand. This has been used to argue that water is the source of electrons for reducing the bound metal ion. Others have suggested that the disulfide bridge in methanobactin's structure is the source of the electron, though XPS has shown that this bond is still intact in copper-bound methanobactin. The source of this reducing electron remains elusive at the moment.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== SB == Sb – (s) Antimony (Latin Stibium) SbA - Stibarsen, an alloy of antimony and arsenic SB (i) Sexy Bitch Sexy Bastard Sexy Boy (disambiguation) (s) Solomon Islands (ISO 3166 digram) (i) Special Warfare Boat Operator SBA (i) Santa Barbara Airport Simulation-Based Acquisition Small Business Administration Sovereign Base Area Student bar association SBB – (i) German for the Swiss Federal Railways SBC (i) Sensotronic Brake Control Single-Board Computer Southern Baptist Convention Sun Belt Conference (US college sports) SBCCOM – (p) U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (disbanded 2003) SBCS – (i) Single-Byte Character Set SBCT – (i) Stryker Brigade Combat Team SBD (s) Solomon Islands dollar (ISO 4217 currency code) Silent But Deadly SBP (i) Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (Filipino, "Basketball Federation of the Philippines") U.S. School Breakfast Program Society of Business Practitioners State Bank of Pakistan SBS (i) Special Boat Service Special Broadcasting Service Seoul Broadcasting System SBW (i) Sonny Bill Williams (New Zealand dual-code rugby player)
== Water source == Lake Afdera is fed by numerous hot springs around the lake and, possibly, by underwater springs. The waters of lake Afdera are saline but do not come from the sea. The continental waters gained their salinity by hydrothermal reactions with evaporites and basalts in the underground. The lake level varied significantly in the last tens of thousands of years. During the African Humid Period, the lake level was 50m higher than today and covered much larger area. Since the 1960s' the lake level constantly fluctuated, but these variations were probably less than one meter in amplitude. This suggest that the lake level is controlled by climate and precipitations on the Ethiopian plateau or in the Danakil Alps.
On election night, incumbent prime minister Anutin Charnvirakul of the Bhumjaithai Party claimed victory on projections giving his party around 194 seats, while Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut conceded on projections of just over 116 seats for the opposition People's Party. The Pheu Thai Party, led by Yodchanan Wongsawat, was projected third on around 76 seats. The Election Commission certified 396 constituency seats on 25 February and three more on 4 March, along with all 100 party-list seats. Certification of Suphan Buri constituency 2 was withheld over suspected misconduct by polling officials and was issued on 8 April, bringing the House to its full membership of 500. The certified results gave Bhumjaithai 192 seats, the People's Party 120 and Pheu Thai 74.
Y-90, used for treating lymphoma (2.7 days) I-131, used for thyroid function tests and for treating thyroid cancer (8.0 days) Sr-89, used for treating bone cancer, intravenous injection (52 days) Ir-192, used for brachytherapy (74 days) Co-60, used for brachytherapy and external radiotherapy (5.3 years) Cs-137, used for brachytherapy and external radiotherapy (30 years) Tc-99, product of the decay of technetium-99m (221,000 years)
Taylor), in the grounds of their Oxford home (1946–47) before moving to a property she purchased in the Oxfordshire village of South Leigh (1947–49). In May 1949, the Thomas family moved back to Laugharne into The Boat House, purchased by Margaret Taylor on their behalf. In 1951 Taylor purchased a second property in Camden Town, North London on their behalf where they stayed from October 1951 – January 1952. Caitlin Thomas's autobiographies, Leftover Life to Kill (1957) and My Life with Dylan Thomas: Double Drink Story (1997), describe the effects of alcohol on their relationship: "Ours was not only a love story, it was a drink story, because without alcohol it would never had got on its rocking feet", she wrote, and "The bar was our altar." Biographer Andrew Lycett describes the relationship as one of alcoholic co-dependency and notes how deeply Caitlin resented her husband's numerous extramarital affairs. Dylan and Caitlin Thomas had three children: Llewelyn Edouard (1939–2000), Aeronwy Thomas-Ellis (1943–2009) and Colm Garan Hart (1949–2012). Llewelyn and Aeronwy were privately educated, at the Magdalen College School, Oxford and at the Arts Education School in Tring, Hertfordshire, respectively.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Husayn had never received the expected backing of his Kufan sympathizers, but the latter's resentment festered as a result of his death. The slaying of Husayn, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, perturbed many Muslims.
It controls or suppresses broadleaf weeds, grasses and sedges and is effective on a very wide range of species including Abutilon theophrasti, Acalypha ostryifolia, Acanthospermum hispidum, Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Anoda cristata, Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica kaber, Calystegia sepium, Cannabis sativa, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cassia obtusifolia, Chenopodium album, Citrullus lanatus, Convolvulus arvensis, Croton glandulosus, Cyperus esculentus, Datura stramonium, Digitaria, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla, Helianthus annuus, Hibiscus trionum, Ipomoea quamoclit, Melochia corchorifolia, Mollugo verticillata, Polygonum convolvulus, Portulaca oleracea, Richardia scabra, Sesbania exaltata, Setaria faberi, Solanum rostratum, Sorghum halepense, Striga asiatica and Xanthium strumarium. The product is typically used at application rates of 0.375 lb a.i. per acre. The estimated annual use of acifluorfen in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Service and shows that as of 2018 approximately 550,000 pounds (250,000 kg) were applied — mainly in soybean. The compound is not registered for use in the European Union, although a closely related nitrophenyl ether, bifenox, is available there.
Caspase-3, in particular, (also known as CPP32/Yama/apopain) is formed from a 32 kDa zymogen that is cleaved into 17 kDa and 12 kDa subunits. When the procaspase is cleaved at a particular residue, the active heterotetramer can then be formed by hydrophobic interactions, causing four anti-parallel beta-sheets from p17 and two from p12 to come together to make a heterodimer, which in turn interacts with another heterodimer to form the full 12-stranded beta-sheet structure surrounded by alpha-helices that is unique to caspases. When the heterodimers align head-to-tail with each other, an active site is positioned at each end of the molecule formed by residues from both participating subunits, though the necessary Cys-163 and His-121 residues are found on the p17 (larger) subunit.
=== 1963–1998: Bob Rosenberg === In 1963, Rosenberg's son Bob became CEO of the company at age 25, and Dunkin' Donuts opened its hundredth location that year. Dunkin' Donuts was a subsidiary of Universal Food Systems at the time, a conglomerate of 10 small food-service businesses, and Dunkin' Donuts locations varied greatly in their menu options, with some selling full breakfasts and others serving only doughnuts and coffee. In the following years, the other businesses in the Universal Food Systems portfolio were sold or closed, and the company was renamed to Dunkin' Donuts. The menu and shop format was standardized, and various new menu items were introduced. In the early 1980s, counter service and ceramic coffee cups were replaced by self-service counters and paper cups. The chain went public in 1968 and was acquired by Baskin-Robbins owner Allied Lyons in 1990. Dunkin' Donuts expanded in the 1990s by buying out two rival chains: Mister Donut (which was founded by Bill Rosenberg's former partner Harry Winokur) and Dawn Donuts.
Christianity and Islam had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens. Eastern Christianity predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional Russian Orthodox Church being the largest Christian denomination. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were Sunnis, with Shias being concentrated in the Azerbaijan SSR. Smaller groups included Roman Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, and a variety of Protestant denominations (especially Baptists and Lutherans). Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former ruling classes. In Soviet law, the 'freedom to hold religious services' was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the Marxist spirit of scientific materialism. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups. The 1918 Council of People's Commissars decree establishing the Russian SFSR as a secular state also decreed that 'the teaching of religion in all [places] where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.